Siccome il nostro indice non coincide perfettamente con quello originale
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CONTENTS | ||
CHAPTER I | ||
CAVOUR AND NAPOLEON III | ||
The Family of Cavour | PAGE | 1 |
Its early connection with Imperialism in Italy | 1 | |
Birth of Camillo di Cavour | 1 | |
His education and ambitions | 2 | |
Founds the Risorgimento; its programme | 2 | |
Enters the Piedmontese Parliament; state of politics in Piedmont at the time | 3 | |
The Siccardi laws; conflict between Church and State | 3 | 4 |
Cavour Prime Minister | 5 | |
Suppression of Convents and Monasteries in Piedmont | 5 | |
Italian policy of Napoleon III | 6 | 7 |
The Crimean War, Piedmont joins the Allies | 8 | |
The Piedmontese at the Tchernaya | 9 | |
Cavour at the Congress of Paris | 9 | 10 |
The Italian Question before the Congress | 11 | 12 |
Baron Hubner’s reply to Clarendon and Walewski | 13 | 14 |
Cavour’s negotiations with Clarendon | 16 | 17 |
He arranges with Napoleon III for joint action | 18 | 19 |
CHAPTER II | ||
THE ALLIANCE COMPLETEDâ€"(1856â€"1859) | ||
Cavour’s report to the Turin Parliament | 20 | |
Interpreted by the press as a declaration of war against the Holy See | 21 | |
Report of M de Rayneval to Walewski on the condition of the Papal States | 21 | 27 |
Progress of Pius IX through his States in 1857 Cavour’s preparations for war against Austria |
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27 |
Armaments and conspiracies | 27 | 28 |
The Sapri expedition | 28 | |
Denounced by Cavour as an outrage against the Law of Nations | 29 | |
His words a condemnation of his own subsequent enterprise | 30 | |
The Orsini Plot | 30 | |
Cavour and Napoleon III at Plombieres | 30 | |
Europe on the eve of war, yet confident in the preservation of peace | 31 | |
CHAPTER III | ||
CAVOUR AND NAPOLEON III | ||
Napoleon’s words to the Austrian ambassador at the New Year’s reception of 1859 | PAGE | 32 |
Marriage of Prince Napoleon and the PrincessClotilde | 33 | |
Niel inspects the fortresses of Piedmont | 33 | |
Austria strengthens her Italian garrisons; agitation at Milan | 33 | |
French and Piedmontese preparations for war | 33 | |
Lanza proposes a war loan in the Turin Parliament | 33 | 34 |
Criticism of Cavour’s policy by the opposition | 34 | 35 |
A Savoyard deputy predicts the cession of Savoy | 35 | 36 |
Cavour defends his policy | 36 | 37 |
The loan authorized | 38 | |
Opening of the French chambers, the Emperor’s speech | 38 | 39 |
The pamphlet, Napoleon III et PItalie | 39 | 40 |
The English Government asks Piedmont what are her complaints against Austria; Cavour’s reply | 40 | 41 |
Memorandum in reply from Austria | 41 | 43 |
Reassuring article in the Afonlteur Russia proposes a Congress | 43 | |
Austria accepts the proposal on condition of previous disarmament by Sardinia |
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43 |
Cavour is alarmed; he goes to Paris | 44 | |
Austria and England propose a general disarmament | 44 | |
Garibaldi given the command of the Cacciatori degli Alpt | 45 | |
Austria resolves to demand the disbandment of the free corps | 45 | 46 |
Ultimatum from Austria sent to Turin | 46 | |
The French troops put in motion to enter Italy | 47 | |
Declaration of war | 48 | |
Lord Malmesbury rejects the French invitation to England to enter upon the war as the ally of France | 48 | 49 |
CHAPTER IV | ||
THE FIGHT FOR LOMBARDY | ||
The Austrian commander and his plan of campaign | 50 | 51 |
His forces | 51 | |
Position and plans of the Sardinians | 51 | |
The Austrians cross the Ticino; their slow advance into Piec mont | 52 | |
Retreat of the Austrians; attitude of the peasantry | 52 | 53 |
Concentration of the allied armies | 54 | |
Gyulai makes a reconnaissance in force against their right; battle of Montebello | 55 | 56 |
The French concentration completed; positions of the opposing forces; plans of Napoleon | 56 | 58 |
Flank movement of the French, masked by an advance of the Piedmontese | 58 | |
The two days’ fighting at Palestro | 59 | 61 |
The Austrians discover the flank march of the French; hesitating action of Gyulai; he resolves to fight on the Ticino | 61 | 62 |
MacMahon’s victory at Turbigo | 63 | |
Interference with Gyulai’s plans from Vienna | 63 | 64 |
Battle of Magenta; map and description of the ground | 64 | |
Position of the opposing armies on the morning of June 4th, 1859 | 65 | |
Beginning of the battle | 66 | |
The French advance checked | 67 | |
The French are reinforced and resume their advance | 68 | |
MacMahon to the rescue | 69 | |
Storming of Magenta, and retreat of the Austrian army | 69 | 70 |
CHAPTER V | ||
MALEGNANO AND SOLFERINO | ||
Condition of the French on the morrow of their victory | 71 | |
Operations of the Garibaldians | 71 | 72 |
MacMahon enters Milan | 72 | |
Continued retreat of the Austrians and advance of the French | 73 | |
Bazaine’s victory at Malegnano | 73 | 74 |
The Austrians concentrate in the hill country behind the Chiese | 75 | |
Description of the district | 75 | |
The Austrian Emperor takes the command; his forces | 76 | |
The French and Sardinian armies | 76 | 77 |
Hess persuades the Austrians to retire across the Mincio; the Allies cross the Chiese | 77 | |
The Austrians change their plans and recross the Mincio | 78 | |
The French advance next day (June 24th) unexpectedly leads to a great battle | 79 | |
Beginning of the Battle of Solferino | 80 | |
Map of the battle-field | 81 | |
First successes of the French | 82 | |
Attack on the village of Solferino | 83 | |
Success of Benedek against the Piedmontese on the Austrian right | 84 | |
MacMahon takes Cavriana and breaks the Austrian centre | 85 | |
Sudden storm, retreat of the Austrians | 8q | |
Complete failure of the Piedmontese; they occupy San Martino on the retirement of the Austrians | 85 | 96 |
CHAPTER VI | ||
THE REVOLUTION IN CENTRAL ITALY | ||
Agitation in the Duchies | 87 | |
A provisional government at Carrara | 87 | 88 |
Revolution at Florence; Piedmont’s share in effecting it | 88 | 89 |
Prince Napoleon with a French army occupies Tuscany; scheme for securing him an Italian principality | 89 | |
His threatening movements against the Austrian garrisons in the Papal States | 90 | |
They suddenly evacuate Ancona and Bologna | 91 | |
Revolution at Parma | 91 | |
Revolution at Bologna | 91 | |
Volunteers from Tuscany enter Umbria and seize Perugia | 92 | |
Colonel Schmidt with a column of Pontifical troops advances | 92 | |
Perugia | 92 | |
Efforts at negotiation | 93 | |
Storming of Perugia | 94 | 95 |
False charges against the Pontifical army | 96 | |
Success of the revolution in Central Italy | 96 | 97 |
CHAPTER VII | ||
VILLAFRANCA AND ITS SEQUEL | ||
Panic in the French camp the day after Solferino | 98 | |
Siege of Peschiera, and projected attack on Venice | 99 | |
Position of the opposing forces at the end of June; danger of the war extending | 99 | |
Negotiations opened with the Austrian headquarters; peace of Villafranca | 100 | 101 |
Projects for the reorganization of Italy | 102 | |
Agitation against the Treaty of Villafranca; Cavour resigns office | 103 | |
Treaty of Zurich | 104 | |
Failure of the French plans in Tuscany; double dealing of Napoleon III |
104 |
105 |
The Roman Question; protests of the bishops | 106 | |
The Romagna annexed by Piedmont; the Piedmontese ambassador sent away from Rome | 106 | |
Murder of Count Arviti at Parma | 106 | 107 |
The proposed Congress on the Affairs of Italy accepted by the Pope | 107 | |
Pamphlets on the Roman Question: About’s La Question Romaine; Napoleon’s Le Pape et le Congres | 107 | 108 |
Antonelli refuses to go to the Congress unless the latter pamphlet is officially disavowed | 109 | |
Napoleon urges Pius IX to cede the Romagna to Piedmont | 108 | |
The Pope’s reply: “Non possumus†| 110 | |
Encyclical of January 19th, i860, embodies this reply | 110 | 111 |
The Univers suppressed for reprinting it | 111 | |
Cavour returns to office | 111 | |
Cession of Savoy and Nice the price of the Emperor’s acquiescence in Cavour’s new plans | 112 | |
The treaty signed, “ Now we are accomplices†| 112 | |
The annexation of Savoy and Nice; the plebiscite; how plebiscites are managed | 114 | 116 |
Plebiscites in the Duchies and the Romagna | 117 | |
Excommunication of all who had a share in the annexation of the Legations | 117 | |
CHAPTER VIII | ||
GARIBALDI IN SICILY | ||
The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies | 118 | 119 |
Agitation in Sicily | 120 | |
The Garibaldian expedition embarked near Genoa | 120 | 121 |
Action of Cavour | 121 | |
His orders to Admiral Persano | 122 | |
Garibaldi anchors at Talamone and receives supplies from the Piedmontese garrison | 123 | |
His lieutenant, Zambianchi, makes a raid into Pontifical territory | 124 | |
He fails to excite an insurrection and is defeated by the Pontifical troops under De Pimodan | 125 | |
Voyage of the Garibaldians to Sicily | 125 | |
The landing at Marsala; conduct of Captain Marryat | 126 | 127 |
Battle of Calatafami; success of the Garibaldians | 128 | 129 |
The Piedmontese Government officially disavows Garibaldi, but Persano’s squadron is ordered to assist him | 130 | |
Garibaldi, Dictator of Sicily | 130 | |
He advances on Palermo | 131 | |
Action at Parco, flank march of Garibaldi | 132 | |
He attacks Palermo | 133 | |
The city bombarded | 134 | |
Intervention of Admiral Mundy | 135 | |
Fighting resumed at Palermo; spread of the insurrection through out Sicily | 136 | |
Armistice renewed; the treasury handed over to Garibaldi | 138 | |
Massacres of the police by the insurgents | 139 | |
Persano’s action in favour of the Garibaldians | J39 | |
He brings his fleet to Palermo | 140 | |
The Neapolitan troops evacuate the city | 140 | |
Persano tries to win over the Neapolitan navy to the revolution | 141 | |
Arrival of the second Garibaldian expedition under Medici | 141 | |
It lands under the escort of Persano’s ships | 142 | |
State of Sicily | 143 | 144 |
CHAPTER IX | ||
HOW GARIBALDI OVERRAN SICILY | ||
Persano escorts a third Garibaldian expedition under Cosenz to Palermo | 145 | |
Garibaldi expels Cavour’s agent, La Farina, from Sicily | 145 | |
A Neapolitan corvette offers to join Persano’s squadron; he advises the commander to simply put himself under Garibaldi’s orders | 146 | |
Cavour’s warning to Persano; his precautions against the | ||
Republican plans of the dictator | 147 | |
Map of the district of Milazzo | 148 | |
Battle of Milazzo | 149 | 153 |
Persano at Milazzo | 153 | |
Messina the only Sicilian fortress held by the Neapolitans | 153 | 154 |
Count Litta’s mission to Garibaldi | 154 | |
Convention for the evacuation of Messina, with the exception of the citadel | 155 | |
Garibaldi master of Sicily; Cavour sends him permission to invade the mainland 155, | 156 | |
CHAPTER X | ||
THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST KING FRANCIS | ||
The Sardinian Embassy at Naples is made a centre of conspiracy | 157 | |
Treason of Liborio Romano, the Neapolitan Minister of the Interior | 158 | |
Persano’s squadron conveys arms to Naples | 158 | |
Persano’s efforts to get up an insurrection at Naples | 159 | 161 |
Remarkable letter from Cavour | 161 | |
Conspiracy to bring over the Neapolitan fleet; failure to capture the frigate Monarca at Castellamare | 161 | 162 |
Cavour prevents a premature raid upon the Papal States | 162 | |
First attempt of the Garibaldians to cross the strait of Messina ends in failure | 162 | 163 |
Second attempt successful | 163 | 164 |
Capture of Reggio | 164 | |
Treason of the Neapolitan General Bnganti; he is shot by his soldiers | 165 | |
Collusion between the Neapolitan officers and Garibaldi; disorganization of the Neapolitan troops; the surrender at Soveria | 165 | 167 |
The plot at Naples; treachery of the Count of Syracuse | 167 | 168 |
Persano completely fails to get up a revolution in the capital | 169 | |
Garibaldi advances on Naples; Cavour tells Persano that as he has failed to anticipate him, he must co-operate with him | 170 | |
Cavour sends the admiral the programme of the attack on the Papal States | 170 | 171 |
Persano submits his plans to Cavour | 171 | 172 |
Report that the Neapolitan fleet is about to put to sea; Persano’s trick to keep it in port | 172 | 173 |
An English envoy to the revolutionists at Naples | 173 | 174 |
Garibaldi arrives at Salerno; he is invited to enter Naples by Liborio Romano, | 175 | |
King Francis resolves to leave Naples | 175 | |
His farewell proclamation | 176 | 178 |
He sails for Gaeta | 178 | |
Garibaldi enters Naples | 179 | |
Attitude of the people | 179 | 180 |
The Neapolitan squadron incorporated in Persano’s fleet | 179 | |
Curious conference on board the English flagship Hannibal | 179 | |
Persano sails for Ancona | 179 | |
The military position in Southern Italy | 180 | |
CHAPTER XI | ||
THE CAMPAIGN- OF CASTELFIDARDO | ||
Pius IX appeals for aid to the Catholic world | 181 | |
General La Moriciere takes command of the Pontifical army | 182 | |
His proclamation to his soldiers | 182 | 183 |
Position assumed by the Holy See; dispatch of Antonelli | 183 | 184 |
The Pontifical army chiefly composed of Native troops | 185 | |
Cavour’s plans for the invasion of the Pontifical territory | 185 | 186 |
Cialdini’s mission to the French Emperor; the meeting at Chambery* | 186 | |
Significant proclamation of General de Nouf, commanding the French garrison at Rome | 187 | |
Armed bands under Masi enter Pontifical territory; this invasion described by Cavour’s agents as an insurrection | 187 | |
Summons to La Moriciere by General Fanti | 187 | |
Indignant reply of the French general | 188 | |
Strength and positions of the army under La Moriciere | 188 | |
Ultimatum sent to Rome by Cavour | 189 | |
Fanti at the head of the Royal army crosses the Pontifical frontier, without waiting for a reply, and without a declaration of war | 189 | |
Protests of the Powers | 190 | |
Proclamations of Fanti and Cialdini | 190 | |
Plans of the opposing generals | 191 | |
Capture of Pesaro | 191 | |
Gallant action of Kanzler at San Angelo | 191 | |
Fanti takes Perugia | I92 | |
Brignone attacks Spoleto, defended by O’Reilly | 193 | |
Gallant defence of the place | 193 | |
The Piedmontese repeatedly repulsed | 194 | |
O’Reilly surrenders only when the place has become untenable | 195 | |
The campaign in the Marches of Ancona | 195 | |
False report of French intervention on behalf of the Holy See Siege of Ancona | 196 | 197 |
State of the defences | 198 | |
Approach of Persano’s fleet | 198 | |
He reconnoitres the seaward forts under English colours: collusion of the British consul | 198 | 199 |
Persano’s conference with Cialdini | 199 | |
Approach of the Pontifical army under La Moriciere | 199 | |
Occupation of Loreto by the Pontifical troops | 200 | |
Death of Mizael de Pas | 200 | |
Preparations for the battle; arrival of Pimodan’s column | 200 | |
Battle of Castelfidardo | 201 | |
Fight at the Crocetti; Pimodan mortally wounded | 202 | |
Desperate defence of the Crocetti by the Pontifical troops | 203 | |
End of the battle; the Pontifical troops driven back upon Loreto | 204 | |
La Moriciere resolves to push on to Ancona with his escort | 205 | |
Capitulation of the Pontifical troops at Loreto | 206 | |
Cialdini’s report of the battle | 207 | 208 |
Treatment of the prisoners; the Irish at Genoa | 209 | |
The wounded | 209 | 210 |
Bombardment of Ancona by the fleet | 210 | |
La Moriciere reaches Ancona | 212 | |
Arrival of a few other soldiers escaped from Loreto | 212 | |
Renewal of the bombardment | 213 | |
Attempt to assassinate La Moriciere | 214 | |
Failure of Persano to force his way into the harbour | 214 | |
Fighting on the land side; the defence made good against the Piedmontese | 214 | 215 |
The fleet attacks the battery on the Mole | 215 | |
Heroic defence of the fort | 216 | |
Persano forces the harbour mouth; surrender of the city | 217 | |
Although the white flag is flying, Fanti and Cialdini continue the bombardment | 217 | |
Persano protests against this atrocity | 217 | |
The bombardment on the land side continues even after Persano has occupied the town | 218 | |
La Moriciere’s retirement, and death | 218 | |
Plebiscite in Umbria and the Marches | 219 | |
CHAPTER XII | ||
THE STRUGGLE ON THE VOLTURNO AND AT GAETA | ||
Victor Emmanuel’s proclamation to the people of Southern Italy | 220 | |
The military position in the South | 221 | |
Beginning of the reaction against the Garibaldians | 221 | |
Rout of the Garibaldians at Capua | 221 | 222 |
They occupy Cajazzo | 222 | |
Cajazzo recaptured by King Francis | 222 | |
Defective generalship of Garibaldi; he resolves to await the arrival of the Piedmontese before undertaking further operations | 223 | |
Battle of the Volturno | 223 | 221 |
Conduct of English blue-jackets on the battle-field | 225 | |
Victory of Garibaldi | 226 | |
Victor Emmanuel takes command of the army | 226 | |
Cavour informs the Neapolitan ambassador at Turin of the coming invasion of the Kingdom of Naples by Victor Emmanuel | 227 | |
Plan of the invasion | 227 | |
Successes of the Neapolitan Royalists in the Abruzzi | 228 | |
First battle of Isernia | 228 | |
Second battle of Isernia | 229 | |
Action at Sezza | 229 | |
Meeting of Victor Emmanuel and Garibaldi | 230 | |
Plebiscite at Naples; wretched state of the provinces | 230 | 231 |
Proclamation of Prince Murat | 231 | |
Cialdini repulsed on the Garigliano | 232 | |
The French fleet at Gaeta | 232 | |
Cialdini forces the line of the Garigliano | 232 | |
Surrender of Capua | 233 | |
Victor Emmanuel at Naples | 233 | |
His contempt for the Garibaldians | 233 | 234 |
His reception by the people of Naples | 234 | |
Garibaldi’s farewell to his army | 234 | 235 |
Siege of Gaeta | 235 | 237 |
The reaction in the Neapolitan provinces | 237 | |
Proclamation of King Francis from Gaeta | 237 | 239 |
Attempted counter-revolution at Naples | 239 | 240 |
Risings in Calabria and the Abruzzi | 240 | |
General Pinelli’s sanguinary attempts at repression | 241 | |
His failure at Civitella del Tronto | 241 | |
His infamous proclamations | 242 | 243 |
Enterprise of De Christen | 243 | |
His plans | 244 | |
Failure to obtain proper support from Gaeta | 245 | |
Operations on the northern frontier of the Neapolitan kingdom | 246 | |
Sack of the Abbey of Casamari | 247 | |
Battle of Bauco | 247 | |
Convention between De Christen and General de Sonnaz | 248 | |
The French fleet withdrawn from Gaeta | 249 | |
The fortress bombarded by land and sea | 250 | |
Explosion of the great magazine | 250 | 251 |
Surrender of Gaeta | 252 | |
Departure of King Francis | 253 | |
Siege and capture of the citadel of Messina | 253 | 254 |
Surrender of Civitella del Tronto |
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255 |
Meeting of the first Italian Parliament at Turin | 255 | |
Gradual recognition of the new kingdom by foreign Powers | 256 | |
CHAPTER XIII | ||
ENGLAND AND THE ITALIAN REVOLUTION | ||
Feeling in England against the Pope and the King of Naples | 257 | |
Mr Gladstone’s pamphlet on the Neapolitan prisons | 257 | |
Influence of the Italian exiles in England | 258 | |
Real state of the Neapolitan kingdom | 258 | |
Action of English diplomatic agents in Italy | 259 | |
Admiral Mundy and Garibaldi | 259 | 260 |
Attacks of the Times on the Pontifical army | 260 | 261 |
A Garibaldian legion organized in England with the connivance of the Government | 261 | 264 |
The Garibaldians openly assemble at Shoreditch station, and embark without any attempt at concealment | 264 | |
The voyage to Italy | 265 | |
Refusal of the Government to put the Foreign Enlistment Act in operation | 265 | |
Lord John Russell’s despatches an elaborate defence of Cavour’s policy | 296 | 270 |
CHAPTER XIV | ||
THE FIRST YEARS OF THE NEW KINGDOM | ||
Results of the policy of Cavour | 271 | 272 |
La Marmora’s journey to Berlin in 1861; the prospect of a Prussian alliance | 273 | |
Efforts to obtain the withdrawal of the French from Rome, | 273 | 274 |
The Turin Parliament declares Rome the capital of Italy | 275 | |
Cavour’s speech on the Roman Question | 275 | 279 |
Garibaldi’s hostility to Cavour | 279 | |
He attacks him in the Parliament | 280 | 281 |
Cavour’s reply | 281 | 282 |
Ricasoli attacks Garibaldi | 283 | |
Cialdini’s quarrel with Garibaldi | 283 | |
Illness and death of Cavour | 283 | 284 |
Ricasoli succeeds him as minister | 284 | |
Understanding between Ricasoli and the French Emperor | 284 | |
Fruitless negotiations of Ricasoli with the Emperor and the Pontifical Government with a view to obtaining a footing in Rome | 285 | 289 |
Agitation against his Government on the failure of the negotiations | 289 | |
He resigns office (March 1st, 1862) | 290 | |
CHAPTER XV | ||
THE "BRIGANDAGE" | ||
The beginnings of the reaction in the Neapolitan provinces | 291 | |
History of the civil war in the South necessarily a fragmentary one | 292 | |
Nature of the conflict | 293 | |
The rebels described as “brigands†| 293 | |
Evidence that this was a misapplication of the term | 294 | |
The reaction not confined to the Abruzzi | 295 | |
Striking testimony of D’Azeglio | 295 | 296 |
Enterprise of General Borjes | 296 | 297 |
He is captured and executed at Tagliacozzo | 298 | 299 |
Sanguinary methods of repression adopted by Cialdini and his lieutenants; specimens of their proclamations; reign terror in the South | 299 | 305 |
Statistics of destruction of towns in the South by the Royal troops | 305 | |
Statistics of destruction of life | 306 | |
The prisons of Naples under Italian rule | 307 | |
Evidence of Lord Henry Lennox on the overcrowded state of the prisons | 308 | 316 |
Suppression of newspapers | 316 | |
Dissensions among the insurgent chiefs; surrender of Tnstany | 317 | |
End of the armed insurrection in the summer of 1864 | 317 | |
Protests of Italian deputies and Garibaldians against the cruel methods used to repress it | 318 | 319 |
Protest of Napoleon III | 319 | |
CHAPTER XVI | ||
ASPROMONTE | ||
Rattazzi succeeds Ricasoli as prime minister |
|
320 |
His policy | 320 | |
Garibaldi and the rifle clubs; affair of Sarnico; Garibaldians assembled for a raid into Venetia | 321 | |
Ratazzi stops the movement | 322 | |
Debate at Turin on the affair of Sarnico | 323 | |
Garibaldi goes to Sicily and announces an expedition against Rome | 323 | |
He assembles volunteers at Corleone | 324 | |
Proclamation of King Victor Emmanuel against the Garibaldian enterprise | 325 | |
Piedmontese troops violate the Roman frontier at Ceprano; they are repulsed by the Pontifical Zouaves; prompt action of the French army of occupation | 325 | |
Progress of the Garibaldian army through Sicily | 325 | 327 |
Garibaldi occupies Catania | 327 | |
Manifesto of Garibaldi | 328 | 329 |
He embarks with his volunteers for the mainland | 329 | |
He lands at Melito, and marches to Aspromonte | 330 | |
Dangers of Garibaldi’s position; operations of the Royal troops Cialdini’s orders | 330 | 441 |
Pallavicini attacks the Garibaldians at Aspromonte | 331 | |
Garibaldi wounded and taken prisoner | 332 | |
Excitement in Italy; Mazzini declares all truce with the Government at an end, and calls for a Republic | 333 | 334 |
Ratazzi tries to temporize | 334 | |
Amnesty to the Garibaldians | 335 | |
Ratazzi attempts to obtain a promise that the French will evacuate Rome | 335 | |
Peremptory refusal of the Emperor’s Government to promise anything | 335 | |
Debate in the Turin Parliament, and resignation of the Ratazzi ministry | 336 | |
Farini forms a new cabinet | 336 | |
He soon retires through ill-health; Ministry of Minghetti | 336 | |
The Italian exiles in London and the Greco conspiracy | 337 | 338 |
Garibaldi visits England, | 338 | |
His meeting with Mazzini at the house of Herzen | 339 | |
Compact between the two revolutionary leaders | 339 | |
CHAPTER XVII | ||
THE SEPTEMBER CONVENTIONâ€"ITALY FINDS A NEW ALLY | ||
Plans of Garibaldi against Rome and Venice temporarily abandoned at the request of Cairoli and Bixio, acting as envoys from Victor Emmanuel | 340 | |
Negotiations between the Minghetti Cabinet and the French Government for the evacuation of Rome | 341 | |
The Convention of September 15th, 1864 | 342 | |
Secret protocol attached to the Convention, for the fixing of the Italian capital in some other city than Rome | 343 | |
The negotiations concealed both from the Pope and the Italian people | 343 | |
Meeting of the Parliament at Turin; proposed transfer of the capital to Florence | 344 | |
Excitement at Turin; the troops fire on the people | 344 | 345 |
Anger against the Government; the king dismisses the Minghetti Cabinet | 345 | |
New ministry formed by General La Marmora | 346 | |
His policy of an alliance with Prussia | 347 | |
First steps towards the alliance | 347 | |
Attempts, on the suggestion of France, to obtain a cession of Venetia by purchase from Austria | 348 | |
General Govone sent to Berlin to negotiate with Bismarck | 349 | |
Bismarck’s account of his plans | 350 | 352 |
He tries to commit Italy to a war against Austria without pledging anything in return | 353 | |
La Marmora insists on a treaty of alliance; the treaty is drawn up | 354 | 355 |
Blindness of the French Emperor; he is consulted, but makes no objection to the projected alliance | 355 | |
The treaty signed | 356 | |
Bismarck’s efforts to obtain a casus belli | 357 | 358 |
Alarm of La Marmora on finding that at Berlin the treaty is not regarded as reciprocally binding | 359 | |
Mobilization of the Prussian army | 359 | |
Proposals for a congress; preparations for war | 360 | |
Outbreak of war in Germany | 360 | |
Italy declares war against Austria | 361 | |
CHAPTER XVIII | ||
THE FINANCIAL POLICY OF ITALY | ||
Principle of Italian finance: “No use being economical wht one has nothing to begin with†| 362 | |
Cost of wars revolutions and armaments | 362 | |
Growth of the Italian debt | 363 | |
Permanent deficit | 364 | |
Heavy taxation | 365 | |
The army used to enforce payment of taxes | 366 | |
State of the finances in 1865 | 367 | |
Scialoja becomes La Marmora’s Finance Minister, and pr0poses to meet the deficit by the confiscation of Church property | 367 | 368 |
CHAPTER XIX | ||
THE WARFARE AGAINST THE CHURCH | ||
Conflict between the new Italy and the Church | 369 | 370 |
Suppression of monasteries in the Kingdom of Sardinia | 370 | 371 |
Extension of the Piedmontese law of suppression to the newly annexed provinces in 1859 and 1860 | 371 | |
Imprisonment of bishops | 371 | 372 |
Various minor persecutions of bishops and priests | 372 | 373 |
Breaking-up of diocesan seminaries | 374 | |
Ecclesiastics made liable to military service | 374 | 375 |
Project for complete suppression of religious orders | 376 | |
Petitions against it | 377 | |
Enactment and execution of the proposed law | 378 | 379 |
Summary of the methods of warfare against the Church adopted by the Italian Government | 380 | |
CHAPTER XX | ||
CUSTOZZA AND LISSA | ||
Plans of Italy for the war of 1866 | 381 | |
La Marmora's plan for the invasion of Venetia | 382 | |
Forces under his command | 383 | |
Inferior forces of the Austrians | 384 | |
La Marmora enters Venetia | 384 | |
The Archduke Albert suddenly occupies the line of the Somma Campagna | 385 | |
Ill-directed advance of La Marmora: his vanguard surprised by the Austrians | 386 | |
Battle of Costozza | 3S6 | 389 |
Retreat of the Italians | 389 | |
Losses on both sides in the battle | 389 | |
Complete collapse of the Italian plans | 390 | |
Austrian projects against Southern Italy | 391 | |
Battle of Sadowa; cession of Venetia to France | 391 | |
Garibaldi's failure in the Tyrol | 392 | |
Austrians withdraw from Venetia; invasion of the province by Cialdini | 392 | |
Medici in the Tyrol | 392 | 393 |
Persano’s fleet sails for Lissa | 393 | |
Failure of the first attack on the forts | 394 | |
Failure of a second attack | 395 | |
Approach of the Austrian fleet under Tegethofif | 396 | |
Comparison of the opposing forces | 397 | 398 |
Battle of Lissa | 398 | |
Sinking of the Re d’Italia | 399 | |
Crisis of the battle | 400 | |
The Palestro blown up | 401 | |
Victory of the Austrians; the Italian fleet retires to Ancona | 401 | |
The Emperor Maximilian and Tegethoff | 402 | |
Persano sends false reports of a victory | 402 | |
Indignation in Italy on the truth becoming known; Persano dismissed from the navy | 403 | |
Sinking of the Affondatore at Ancona | 403 | |
The Venetian plebiscite | 403 | |
CHAPTER XXI | ||
THE REVOLT OF PALERMO | ||
State of Sicily | 404 | 405 |
Anarchy and discontent | 406 | 407 |
Suppression of the Sicilian monasteries | 408 | |
Republican agitation at Palermo | 409 | |
Topography of Palermo | 409 | 410 |
Beginning of the revolt | 411 | |
First successes of the rebels | 412 | 413 |
Arrival of the fleet; bombardment ol the revolted quarter of the city | 414 | |
The garrison reinforcedz defeat of the rebels | 415 | 416 |
Unfounded charge against the monks | 417 | |
End of the insurrection | 418 | |
CHAPTER XXII | ||
THE CAMPAIGN OF MENTANA | ||
Withdrawal of the French troops from Rome | 419 | |
The Pontifical army | 419 | 420 |
The Roman Revolutionary Committee | 420 | |
Ratazzi succeeds Ricasoli as prime minister | 421 | |
The centenary of St Peter | 421 | |
The cholera at Albano | 421 | |
Affair of the Legion d’Antibes | 421 | |
Organization of the Ganbaldzan campaign against the Pontifical States | 422 | |
Proved complicity of the Ratazzi Cabinet | 422 | |
Although it publicly disavows the movement | 422 | 423 |
Plan of the campaign | 423 | |
Garibaldi arrested on the demand of the French Government, but soon released and sent to Caprera | 424 | |
The Government supplies funds for the movement | 424 | |
The first Garibaldian bands cross the frontier | 424 | |
Forces and distribution of the Pontifical army under Kanzler | 425 | 426 |
The first skirmishes | 426 | 427 |
Victory of the Zouaves at Bagnorea | 427 | |
Charette on the frontier | 428 | |
Action at Monte Libretti | 428 | 431 |
Retreat of the Garibaldians; Charette occupies the town | 431 | |
The Romans take no part in the Garibaldian movement | 432 | |
How the Garibaldians were recruited and supplied | 432 | |
Victory of Charette at Nerola | 433 | 434 |
The revolutionary leaders press Ratazzi to send them Garibaldi | 434 | |
Hesitating action of Napoleon III | 435 | |
Ratazzi allows Garibaldi to escape from Caprera and join his army | 436 | |
Attempted Garibaldian insurrection at Rome | 436 | |
The Serristori barracks blown up | 437 | 438 |
Failure of the insurrection; attempt of the brothers Cairoli | 438 | |
They are defeated and killed at Monte Pairoli | 439 | |
Capture of the Garibaldian headquarters in the Trastevere | 440 | |
Resignation of Ratazzi on the news of the failure at Rome; Menabrea forms a ministry | 440 | |
Proclamation by Victor Emmanuel | 441 | |
Garibaldi advances against Monte Rotondo | 442 | 443 |
He captures the place after a hard fight | 443 | 444 |
He advances towards Rome | 444 | |
The French land at Civita Vecchia | 444 | |
The Italian troops cross the Pontifical frontier | 444 | |
Kanzler arranges to attack the Garibaldians | 445 | |
March of the Pontifical army to Mentana | 445 | 447 |
Position and forces of the Garibaldians | 447 | 448 |
Battle of Mentana | 449 | |
Capture of the Vigna Santucci | 45o | |
The French brigade comes into action | 450 | |
Attack on the village of Mentana | 452 | |
The night after the battle | 452 | 453 |
Surrender of the Garibaldian garrison of Mentana | 453 | |
Re-occupation of Monte Rotondo | 454 | |
Return of the Pontifical army to Rome; Pius IX and the Garibaldian prisoners | 454 | |
The Italian troops retire across their own frontier | 455 | |
Circular of Menabrea | 455 | 456 |
The Roman Question before the French Chamber; M Rouher’s speech | 456 | 458 |
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER XXII | ||
Documents relating to the connection of the Ratazzi Cabinet with the Garibaldian invasion of the Papal States in 1867 | 458 | 463 |
CHAPTER XXIII | ||
WAITING FOR ROME | ||
Altered position of affairs after the failure of the Garibaldian attempt of 1867 | 464 | |
Policy of the Government at Florence | 465 | |
Assembly of the Vatican Council | 465 | |
The Florentine Government prevents a Garibaldian raid on the Papal States in the spring of 1870 | 465 | |
Pursuit of a Garibaldian band by the Pontifical troops | 465 | |
Garibaldian conspiracy in the summer of 1870 | 466 | |
War between France and Prussia | 467 | |
Efforts of Napoleon to obtain the alliance of Italy; he resolves to evacuate Rome | 467 | |
Protests and comments of the press | 467 | 468 |
Details of the evacuation | 468 | 470 |
Conduct of the Italian Government | 470 | 471 |
French defeats; Italy negotiates with Prussia to secure a free hand | 471 | |
Garibaldian agitation in Italy | 472 | |
The Roman Question in the Italian Parliament | 473 | |
Visconti Venosta states the policy of the Government | 473 | |
He solemnly declares that an attack upon the Pontifical territory would be a violation of treaties and of the Law of Nations | 474 | |
Agitation against the Government; it prepares to violate its public pledges | 475 | |
State of Rome | 475 | 476 |
Programme of the revolution | 476 | 477 |
Circular of Visconti Venosta on the Roman Question | 478 | 479 |
News of Sedan; second circular of Visconti Venosta, announcing action at an early date | 480 | |
The Cabinet decides on the invasion of the Papal States | 481 | |
Pius IX consults the Cardinals as to the course to be adopted | 482 | |
Letter of Victor Emmanuel to Pius IX | 483 | |
Count Ponza di San Martino sent to Rome with an ultimatum | 483 | |
Reply of Cardinal Antonelli | 484 | |
Text of Victor Emmanuel’s letter to the Pope | 484 | 486 |
The Pope’s conversation with Count Ponza di San Martino | 486 | 487 |
Arrival of Canadian volunteers for the Papal Zouaves | 487 | |
Letter of the Pope to King Victor Emmanuel | 488 | |
The Pope and the Roman people | 488 | |
CHAPTER XXIV | ||
THE INVASION OF ROME | 489 | |
Invasion of the Papal territory without a declaration of war | 490 | |
Forces under the command of Cadorna | 490 | 491 |
Forces under Kanzler’s command for the defence | 491 | 492 |
Distribution of the Pontifical army | 492 | |
The Italian army crosses the frontier in five columns | 492 | |
Advance of Bixio; he attempts to cut off Charette from Rome | 492 | 493 |
Skilful retreat of Charette | 493 | 494 |
Civita Vecchia besieged by Bixio’s army and the Italian fleet | 494 | 495 |
A council of war decides to surrender the place | 496 | |
Movements of Angioletti’s division | 497 | |
Attitude of the people; loyalty of the native Pontifical troops | 498 | |
Advance of the main army under Cadorna | 499 | 500 |
Capture of Civita Casteliana | 501 | 504 |
State of affairs in Rome | 504 | 505 |
Reconnaissance by the Zouaves at San Onofrio | 506 | 507 |
Arrangements for the defence of Rome | 507 | 508 |
Movements of Cadorna | 508 | 509 |
Kanzler’s reply to his summons | 509 | |
Second summons to Kanzler | 510 | |
Arnim the Prussian ambassador to the Vatican goes to Cadorna’s headquarters | 510 | 511 |
Deserters from Cadorna's army come into Rome | 511 | |
The eve of the attack | 512 | 513 |
Beginning of the bombardment | 514 | |
Attack on the Tre Archi | 515 | |
The Porta San Giovanni defended by Charette and Daudier | 515 | |
Bixio’s attack on the Trastevere, which is successfully defended by native Roman troops | 516 | 517 |
Cadorna’s attack on the Porta Pia | 517 | |
The wall breached | 519 | |
Order to hoist the white flag received from the Pontifical head-quarters | 519 | |
Attack on the breach and the gate | 520 | |
The white flag hoisted by the defence but not respected by the attack | 521 | |
Bixio continues the bombardment of the Trastevere after the surrender | 522 | |
The Italian troops enter Rome: the Pontifical troops retiring on the Leonine city and San Angelo | 522 | 523 |
The so-called “ Roman exiles’’ | 523 | 524 |
Losses of both sides in the attack and defence of Rome | 5 24 | 525 |
Italian tributes to the bravery of the Papal troops | 525 | 526 |
Calumnies and blunders of the Times | 526 | 527 |
The Zouaves in the army of the Loire | 527 | |
CHAPTER XXV | ||
THE ROMAN PLEBISCITE | ||
Scenes at the Vatican on September 20th | 528 | 529 |
The Papal army spends the night on the Piazza of St Peter’s | 530 | |
Its farewell to Pius IX | 531 | |
The march out of Rome | 532 | |
Treatment of the Pontifical army in Italy | 532 | |
The flag of the Zouaves | 533 | |
Fate of the garrison of Bagnorea | 533 | |
The Italian soldiers of the Pontifical army | 533 | |
The squadriglieri imprisoned in defiance of the capitulation | 534 | |
State of Rome; occupation of the Leonine city | 534 | |
The provisional government organizes the plebiscite | 535 | 536 |
The voting and the result | 537 | 538 |
Worthless character of the vote | 538 | 539 |
Protest of an Italian statesman | 539 | 541 |
CHAPTER XXVI | ||
TWENTY-ONE YEARS AT ROME 1870-1891 | ||
Position of Pius IX | 542 | |
Policy of the new rulers of Rome | 543 | |
Demonstrations of loyalty to the Holy See by the Catholic world | 543 | |
Death of Victor Emmanuel | 544 | |
Death of Pius IX | 544 | 545 |
Accession of Leo XIII | 546 | |
Disappointing results of the unification of Italy | 544 | 546 |
Debt and oppressive taxation | 546 | 548 |
Moral deterioration | 548 | |
Testimonies of friends of the Italian movement | 549 | |
Federalism a better policy than Unionism | 549 | 55o |
Examples of Germany, Switzerland, America | 550 | |
Federalism the probable key to the solution of the Italian Question | 550 | |
The future of the Holy See | 551 | 552 |
LIST OF SKETCH MAPS |
|
MAGENTA |
64 |
LAGO DI GARDA |
81 |
MILAZZO |
149 |
ANCONA |
211 |
CAPUA |
221 |
UMBRIA |
229 |
PLAN OF PALERMO |
410 |
SKETCH MAP OF THE ROMAN PROVINCES |
490 |
MAP TO ILLUSTRATE THE ATTACK ON ROME, SEPTEMBER |
518 |
Nicola Zitara mi chiese diverse volte di cercare un testo di Samir Amin in cui is parlava di lui - l'ho sempre cercato ma non non sono mai riuscito a trovarlo in rete. Poi un giorno, per caso, mi imbattei in questo documento della https://www.persee.fr/ e mi resi conto che era sicuramente quello che mi era stato chiesto. Peccato, Nicola ne sarebbe stato molto felice. Lo passai ad alcuni amici, ora metto il link permanente sulle pagine del sito eleaml.org - Buona lettura! Le développement inégal et la question nationale (Samir Amin) |
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